LECTURE/TIPS : PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

FOUR GENERAL or WORLD PHILOSOPHIES

1. IDEALISM 

PLATO

(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato)

Key words
1. Plato 
2. IDEAS are the only true reality
3. enduring & everlasting truth, beauty, & justice 
4. focus on conscious reasoning of the MIND
5. lecture, discussion, and Socratic dialogue
6. teacher as "stage on the stage"
7. subjects=literature, history, philosophy, and religion

ARISTOTLE

(Image from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle)

2. REALISM 
Key words
1. Aristotle 
2. Reality exists independent of the mind
3. Truth is objective - what can be observed
4. Science & Mathematics
5. Scientific method; observation & experimentation
6. Demonstration & recitation
7. teacher as "guide on the side"
8. student-centered

CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE - Father of Pragmatism

(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce)

3. PRAGMATISM (EXPERIENTIALISM)
Key words
1. Reality are only those things that are experienced or observed
2. Reality is constantly changing
3. The universe is dynamic & evolving
4. There is NO absolute or unchanging truth
5. TRUTH is WHAT WORKS
6. Creation of new social order
7. hands-on problem solving, experimenting, and projects
8. application of knowledge to real situations through experimental inquiry
9. Character development is based on making group decisions in light of consequences
10. Charles Sanders Peirce "Father of Pragmatism"
11. John Dewey = his progressive approaches

Soren Aabye Kierkegaard = founder of Existentialism

(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard)

4. EXISTENTIALISM 
Key words
1. Existence comes before any definition of what we are.
2. The nature of reality is SUBJECTIVE, and lies WITHIN the INDIVIDUAL
3. Individual choice and individual standards
4. The focus is on FREEDOM, the development of AUTHENTIC individuals
5. Human potentials ad personal meaning
6. Who am I and what should I do?
7. Subject matter is a matter of PERSONAL choice
8. Educational experience = creating opportunities for self-direction and self-actualization
9. student-centered
10. Soren Aabye Kierkegaard = founder of Existentialism

EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES

SOCRATES

(Image from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Socrates)

Robert Maynard Hutchins

(Image from https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/249946.Robert_Maynard_Hutchins)

1. PERENNIALISM 
Key words
1. Idealism
2. Universal
3. Western Civilization
4. Lecture & discussion
5. Constant & everlasting
6. Permanency of classics
7. Arts & literature
8. teacher as "sage on the stage" (master of knowledge)
9. Socrates and Plato
10. Robert Maynard Hutchins & Mortimer Adler

William Chandler Bagley

(Image from https://sites.google.com/site/philosopherskevin/william-bagley-1874-1946)

2. ESSENTIALISM 
Key words
1. Common/basic core of knowledge may CHANGE
2. intellectual & moral standards
3. ESSENTIAL (necessary) knowledge and skills
4. back to the BASICS - the 3 R's
5. hard work, respect for authority, and discipline
6. In reaction to Progressivist approaches in the 1920s
7. William Chandler Bagley
8. James D. Koerner, H. G. Rickover, Paul Copperman, & Theodore Sizer
9. Traditional values; practical preparation for work and life

JOHN DEWEY

(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey)

3. PROGRESSIVISM 
Key words
1. focus on the whole child, and NOT on CONTENT or the TEACHER 
2. Students test ideas by active experimentation 
3. The learner is active, problem solver and thinker 
4. Learning by doing
5. Curriculum content is derived from STUDENTS interests and questions
6. Use of scientific methods
7. Freedom of choice of what and how they learn & responsibility to achieve one's potential
8. Independent learning through purposeful reflection about their experiences
9. John Dewey developed Progressivism based on Pragmatism

Theodore Burghard Hurt Brameld

(Image from https://www.azquotes.com/author/31826-Theodore_Burghard_Hurt_Brameld)

PAULO FREIRE

(Image from https://www.frankamills.com/coupdoeil/influences-paulo-freire-1921-1997/)

4. RECONSTRUCTIVISM/Critical Theory
Key words
1. Addressing of SOCIAL issues such as hunger, terrorism,violence, etc. 
2. Creation of better SOCIETY and worldwide DEMOCRACY 
3. SOCIAL REFORM as aim of education 
4. Creation of new SOCIAL ORDER
5. Inquiry, dialogue, multiple perspectives, community-based learning
6. Activities to criticize and shape society
7. Student involvement in social change
8. Theodore Brameld = founder of social reconstructivism
9. Paulo Freire - critical theorist

RELATED THEORIES OF LEARNING  (PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATIONS)

 (Image from https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=610988&chapterid=120209)

1. INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY 
Key words
1. focus on the MIND and how it works to explain HOW learning occurs
2. Knowledge is DECLARATIVE, PROCEDURAL, and CONDITIONAL
3. focus on the INDIVIDUAL rather than the SOCIAL aspects of thinking and learning
4. Encoding = intake & representation of information
5. Working or short term memory
6. Long term memory = schemas, scripts or propositional or hierarchical networks
7. how information is encoded, processed, remembered, or retrieved (recalled)
8. Students, like computers, are information processors

IVAN PAVLOV

(Image from https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov)

BURRHUS FREDERC SKINNER

(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner)

2. BEHAVIORISM 
Key words
1. Behavior is shaped by forces in the environment
2. behavior is determined by others, rather than by our own free will
3. Repetition of a meaningful connection or association results in learning
4. MKO, Modelling, Role Playing
5. Classical and Operant conditioning
6. Rewards & Punishment
7. Positive & Negative Reinforcement
8. Ivan Pavlov = classical conditionind (dog, salivate, food)
9. B. F. Skinner = operant conditioning (rat, lever. food)
10. James B. Watson = Little Albert

JEAN PIAGET

(Image from http://braungardt.trialectics.com/sciences/psychology/piaget/)

LEV VYGOTSKY

(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky)

3. CONSTRUCTIVISM/ COGNITIVISM 
Key words
1. CONSTRUCTION of understandings of reality through interaction with objects, events, and peoples in the environment, and reflection of these interactions
2. Scaffolding
3. Equilibration, assimilation, and accommodation
4. CONFLICT or disequilibrium is necessary to learn
5. Gestalt psychology
6. Jean Piaget = cognitive development theory
7. Lev Vygotsky = social development theory
8. Zone of Proximal Development
9. MKO = More Knowledgeable Other facilitates learning for a novice based on the learner's developmental level
9. Teachers as facilitators of conditions and experiences so that students can construct their own understandings

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

(Image from Jean-Jacques Rousseau )

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi)

ABRAHAM HAROLD MASLOW

(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow)

CARL RANSOM ROGERS

(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers)

4. HUMANISM 
Key words
1. goodness of humans, es[ecially children
2. fully autonomous person, personal freedom, choice, and responsibility
3. motivation to learn is intrinsic in humanism
4. development of healthy self-concept
5. awareness of psychological needs
6. freedom from threat, emotional well-being, learning processes, self-fulfillment
6. personal growth & personal values
7. Erasmus
8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
9. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
10. Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs
11. Carl Rogers = Self-actualization ; self-concept
12. Alfred Adler = first holistic theory of personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy

LET REVIEWER: PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

Choose the letter of the correct answer

1. "Life is what you make it" exemplifies best what ______:
A. Existentialism✅✅✅
B. Humanism
C. Progressivism
D. Essentialism
Answer: A

2. After listening to the homily of the Priest about fidelity, Catherine has a moment of reflection. Her understanding of the value of fidelity has become deeper as she related this to her past experience. This typifies what kind of philosophy ?
A. Constructivism✅✅✅
B. Reconstructivism
C. Humanism
D. Existentialism
Answer : A

3. After studying the Principle of Identity, Teacher Beng asks her students to determine which among the given set of problems conforms to the said identity. This shows that Teacher Beng upholds this kind of philosophy?
A. Perennialism
B. Progressivism ✅✅✅
C. Essentialism
D. Naturalism
Answer : B

4. Joy listens to the advice given by her sister to end the relationship that she has with Min Hoo . However, her sister learned that the advice she has given was not followed and Joy decided to continue the relationship. This action of Joy is a manifestation of what kind of philosophy?
A. Essentialism
B. Existentialism✅✅✅
C. Perennialism
D. Humanism
Answer : B

5. After finishing the degree in Education, Teacher Mary realizes that learning never stops. In fact, she accumulates more knowledge after leaving the portal of her alma mater. This typifies what kind of philosophy?
A. Constructivism
B. Perennialism
C. Progressivism✅✅✅
D. Humanism
Answer: C

6. Mary Joy is an advocate of the principle "making the most of your life". Live life to the fullest. She is indeed an advocate of what kind of philosophy ?
A. Humanism ✅✅✅
B. Idealism
C. Realism
D. Existentialism
Answer : A

7. Teacher Mae Joy is a very dedicated teacher in the nursery. Her foremost concern is for the students to learn how to adapt themselves in the environment. This shows that Teacher Mae Joy upholds this kind of philosophy?
A. Naturalism✅✅✅
B. Pragmatism
C. Progressivism 
D. Rationalism
Answer : A

8. Teacher Sun Woo serves as an inspiration to his students because of his efficiency and effectiveness as a teacher. The mind se of his students towards him is an instance of what kind of philosophy?
A. Realism
B. Idealism ✅✅✅
C. Realism
D. Empiricism
Answer : B

9. Lee Min Hoo learns well through active interplay with others. His learning increases when engaged I activities that has meaning in him. Which philosophy can describe this ?
A. Progressivism ✅✅✅
B. Idealism
C. Realism
D. Empiricism
Answer : A

10. "Learning is the process of retrieving prior learning" , this is a statement from ;
A. Constructivist ✅✅✅
B. Reconstructivist
C. Progressivist
D. Idealist
Answer : A

11. "The curriculum is a total learning experience for an individual". This point of view is considered to be of :
A. Traditionalist
B. Progressivist ✅✅✅
C. Materialist
D. Cognitivist
Answer : B

12. The principal shares the thought with his teachers that the subject matter should help students understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility of their thoughts, feelings, and actions. From which point of view is this thought based ?
A. Essentialism
B. Rationalism
C. Progressivism
D. Existentialism ✅✅✅
Answer : D

13. During the faculty recollection, Mr. Duterte asked his teachers to share their thoughts about their students as their primary customer. What followed were the gist of what were shared :
Teacher Vhong : The learner is a product of his environment. Sometimes he has no choice. He is determined by his environment.
Teacher Vice : The learner can choose what he becomes despite his environment.
Teacher Anne : The learner is a social being who learns well through an active interplay with others.
Teacher Karylle : The learner is a rational being. School should develop his rational and moral powers.
Whose philosophical concept is that Teacher Vhong ?
A. Existentialist
B. Progressivist
C. Behaviorist ✅✅✅
D. Rationalist
Answer : C

14. Teacher Vice response comes from the mouth of ?
A. Essentialist
B. Perennialist
C. Existentialist ✅✅✅
D. Behaviorist
Answer : C

15. If you agree with Teacher Anne, you are more of _______
A. Progressivist ✅✅✅
B. Perennialist
C. Essentialist
D. Rationalist
Answer : A

16. If you identify with Teacher Karylle, you adhere to this philosophy 
A. Behaviorist 
B. Perennnialism✅✅✅
C. Existentialist 
D. Progressivist
Answer : B

17. Student Park Shin Hye, after receiving the conceptual knowledge on multiplication of trinomials from his Algebra Teacher , immediately answers the exercises in the book. This demonstrates what kind of philosophy ?
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Constructivism
D. Progressivism✅✅✅
Answer : D

18. Teacher Lee Jung Suk views his students as a unique , free choosing and responsible individuals. He encourages them to develop their own individualities. What philosophy does Teacher Lee Jung Suk adhere to ?
A. Naturalism
B. Humanism
C. Existentialism✅✅✅
D. Contructivism
Answer : C

19. In the Social Science class of Mr. Kim So Hyun, students identify the various social and economic problems that require urgent solutions. They not only discuss the ways to address it but also agreed to participate in solving them. What kind of philosophy does this class uphold ?
A. Essentialism
B. Reconstructivism✅✅✅
C. Naturalism
D. Behaviorism
Answer : B

20. Teacher Park Bo Gum, unlike other teachers in his school, practices the non-traditional method of discussing the lessons using not only the book prescribed by the school as the main source of information and knowledge. Instead , he went out of his way to devise other means that will help his students to understand their lessons. To what philosophy does Teacher Park Bo Gum submit to ?
A. Behaviorism
B. Contructivism
C. Progressivism✅✅✅
D. Humanism
Answer : C

21. Teacher Soong Jong Ki class is engage in problem solving activity which in a way is a reflection of the personal and social experiences. The purpose of this activity is for the students to acquire the skills that can help them in solving their own real-life problems. What philosophy can best described this ?
A. Existentialism 
B. Progressivism✅✅✅
C. Idealism
D. Realism
Answer : B

22. In his class, Teacher Goong Yu always presents principles and values so as to encourage his students to examine them and decide for themselves whether to accept it or not . What kind of philosophy does Teacher Goong Yu practice ?
A. Idealism
B. Existentialism✅✅✅
C. Humanism
D. Essentialism
Answer : B

23. Teacher Kim Woo Bin is an inspiration to almost all of his students. His efficiency and effectiveness in the profession is truly outstanding. Which of the following describes this attitude of the students toward him ?
A. Existentialism
B. Naturalism
C. Progressivism
D. Idealism✅✅✅
Answer : D

24. If a teacher states that "specialization is knowing more and more about less and less, hence it is better to be a generalist". What kind of philosophy does they uphold?
A. Progressivism
B. Essentialism✅✅✅
C. Naturalism
D. Perennialism
Answer : B

25. In social trends, his do you call those who are for the revival of the classics ?
A. Progressivist
B. Essentialist
C. Humanist✅✅✅
D. Behaviorist
Answer : C

26. A teacher puts emphasis on making her students master the rules of multiplying fractions, and not so much on the strategies and execution. This is an illustration of _______?
A. Existentialism 
B. Progressivism
C. Essentialism✅✅✅
D. Naturalism
Answer : C

27. Students are the product of their environment. To which philosophy does this statement belong ?
A. Naturalism
B. Essentialism
C. Behaviorism✅✅✅
D. Existentialism 
Answer : C

28. What philosophy posses that a social teacher is a revered person, central to the educative process and therefore must be excellent mentally and morally in personally conduct and conviction ?
A. Idealism✅✅✅
B. Progressivism
C. Realism
D. Essentialism 
Answer : A

29. This philosophy emphasizes the teaching of controversial issues to prepare students for a progressive structuring of the social order.
A. Progressivism 
B. Social Experimentation
C. Behaviorism
D. Reconstructionism✅✅✅
Answer : D

30. The philosophy contends that truth is universal an unchanging and therefore a good education is also universal and constant.
A. Existentialism 
B. Essentialism
C. Perennialism✅✅✅
D. Progressivism 
Answer : C

31. Which philosophy of education has for its curriculum a body intellectual subject matter that are conceptual on subject, essential for the realization of mental and moral development?
A. Pragmatism
B. Realism✅✅✅
C. Existentialism
D. Idealism
Answer : B

32. The educational theory, in response to progressivism, which concerns with the revival of effort in the direction of teaching the fundamental tools of learning as the most indispensable type of education .
A. Perennialism 
B. Naturalism
C. Essentialism✅✅✅
D. Behaviorism
Answer : C

33. The philosophy believes that the schools should originate policies and progress which would bring about reform of the social orders
A. Behaviorism
B. Progressivism
C. Reconstructionism✅✅✅
D. Perennialism
Answer : C

34. This philosophy contends that the intellectual faculty of man is higher that the physical faculties.
A. Perennialism
B. Idealism✅✅✅
C. Realism
D. Existentialism
Answer : B

35. The philosophy proclaims the spiritual nature and the universe. It holds that the good, the true anted the beautiful are permanently part of the structure of an unchanging universe. 
A. Realism
B. Existentialism 
C. Naturalism
D. Idealism✅✅✅
Answer : D

36. This philosophy posses the known ability of the world and everything in its as they are in themselves and their existence independent of human mind.
A. Realism✅✅✅
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Existentialism 
Answer : A

37. "The central aim of education should be develop the power of thought " ; this would likely be the aim of what educational practitioner ?
A. Reconstructivism
B. Progressivism 
C. Perennialism✅✅✅
D. Existentialism 
Answer : C

38. This educational theory is based on the philosophy grounded on experience and the interaction of the person with his environment. It posist that the education must use past experiences to direct future experiences. 
A. Progressivism✅✅✅
B. Idealism
C. Existentialism 
D. Realism
Answer : A

39. This philosophy is a way of viewing and thinking about life in the world so that priority is given into individualism and subjectivity. It believes that human beings are the creator of their own experiences. 
A. Idealism
B. Reconstructionism 
C. Realism
D. Existentialism✅✅✅
Answer : D

40. It is belief that when an idea agrees with its object, it is proof of its truth. However, it is definition of truth not criteria .
A. Idealist
B. Naturalism
C. Naive Realism✅✅✅
D. Behaviorist 
Answer : C

41. This educational philosophy encourages accumulation of knowledge and thinking and must apply criteria for moral evaluation. Suggested methods are questioning and discussion, lecture and the project, whether methods done singly or in group.
A. Behaviorism
B. Essentialism
C. Idealism ✅✅✅
D. Existentialism 
Answer : C

42. This theory views education as a recurring process based on eternal truths; thus, the schools curriculum should emphasize the recurrent themes of human life.
A. Naturalism 
B. Progressivism 
C. Perennialism ✅✅✅
D. Pragmatism
Answer : C

43. Socrates : Idealism
Dewey : ???????
A. Essentialism
B. Progressivism ✅✅✅
C. Existentialism 
D. Naturalism 
Answer : B

44. Hutchins : ?????
Watson : Behaviorism
A. Progressivism 
B. Perennialism ✅✅✅
C. Behaviorism
D. Naturalism
Answer : B

45. Essentialism : Bagley
??????????? : Jean Paul Sarte
A. Naturalism
B. Existentialism ✅✅✅
C. Behaviorism
D. Progressivism 
Answer : B

46. The establishment of the school of the future (SOF) introduces improvement and reform in education to respond to both human and social needs. What philosophy is related to it ?
A. Perennialism 
B. Idealism
C. Existentialism
D. Reconstructivism✅✅✅
Answer : D

47. The Department of Education gives greater emphasis on the development of basic skills. What is the philosophical basis for this ?
A. Pragmatism
B. Existentialism
C. Naturalism
D. Essentialism✅✅✅
Answer : D

48. Teacher Sandara views her students as unique , free- choosing and responsible individuals. All classroom activities revolve the said premise. What theory underlines this ?
A. Naturalism
B. Essentialism 
C. Behaviorism
D. Existentialism ✅✅✅
Answer : D

49. The most influential movement in the 18th century. Acts according by the nature .
A. Idealism
B. Existentialism 
C. Naturalism✅✅✅
D. Realism
Answer : C

50. Admits the existence of GOD.
A. Agnosticism
B. Atheism
C. Hedonism 
D. Deism or Theism✅✅✅
Answer : D

Note: The above items are not my original works. They are copied and re-posted. Please comment any answer which you think is WRONG so that we can correct it together.