1. IDEALISM
PLATO
(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato)
Key words
1. Plato
2. IDEAS are the only true reality
3. enduring & everlasting truth, beauty, & justice
4. focus on conscious reasoning of the MIND
5. lecture, discussion, and Socratic dialogue
6. teacher as "stage on the stage"
7. subjects=literature, history, philosophy, and religion
ARISTOTLE
(Image from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle)
2. REALISM
Key words
1. Aristotle
2. Reality exists independent of the mind
3. Truth is objective - what can be observed
4. Science & Mathematics
5. Scientific method; observation & experimentation
6. Demonstration & recitation
7. teacher as "guide on the side"
8. student-centered
CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE - Father of Pragmatism
(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce)
3. PRAGMATISM (EXPERIENTIALISM)
Key words
1. Reality are only those things that are experienced or observed
2. Reality is constantly changing
3. The universe is dynamic & evolving
4. There is NO absolute or unchanging truth
5. TRUTH is WHAT WORKS
6. Creation of new social order
7. hands-on problem solving, experimenting, and projects
8. application of knowledge to real situations through experimental inquiry
9. Character development is based on making group decisions in light of consequences
10. Charles Sanders Peirce "Father of Pragmatism"
11. John Dewey = his progressive approaches
Soren Aabye Kierkegaard = founder of Existentialism
(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard)
4. EXISTENTIALISM
Key words
1. Existence comes before any definition of what we are.
2. The nature of reality is SUBJECTIVE, and lies WITHIN the INDIVIDUAL
3. Individual choice and individual standards
4. The focus is on FREEDOM, the development of AUTHENTIC individuals
5. Human potentials ad personal meaning
6. Who am I and what should I do?
7. Subject matter is a matter of PERSONAL choice
8. Educational experience = creating opportunities for self-direction and self-actualization
9. student-centered
10. Soren Aabye Kierkegaard = founder of Existentialism
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES
SOCRATES
(Image from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Socrates)
Robert Maynard Hutchins
(Image from https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/249946.Robert_Maynard_Hutchins)
Key words
1. Idealism
2. Universal
3. Western Civilization
4. Lecture & discussion
5. Constant & everlasting
6. Permanency of classics
7. Arts & literature
8. teacher as "sage on the stage" (master of knowledge)
9. Socrates and Plato
10. Robert Maynard Hutchins & Mortimer Adler
William Chandler Bagley
(Image from https://sites.google.com/site/philosopherskevin/william-bagley-1874-1946)
2. ESSENTIALISM
Key words
1. Common/basic core of knowledge may CHANGE
2. intellectual & moral standards
3. ESSENTIAL (necessary) knowledge and skills
4. back to the BASICS - the 3 R's
5. hard work, respect for authority, and discipline
6. In reaction to Progressivist approaches in the 1920s
7. William Chandler Bagley
8. James D. Koerner, H. G. Rickover, Paul Copperman, & Theodore Sizer
9. Traditional values; practical preparation for work and life
JOHN DEWEY
(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey)
3. PROGRESSIVISM
Key words
1. focus on the whole child, and NOT on CONTENT or the TEACHER
2. Students test ideas by active experimentation
3. The learner is active, problem solver and thinker
4. Learning by doing
5. Curriculum content is derived from STUDENTS interests and questions
6. Use of scientific methods
7. Freedom of choice of what and how they learn & responsibility to achieve one's potential
8. Independent learning through purposeful reflection about their experiences
9. John Dewey developed Progressivism based on Pragmatism
Theodore Burghard Hurt Brameld
(Image from https://www.azquotes.com/author/31826-Theodore_Burghard_Hurt_Brameld)
PAULO FREIRE
(Image from https://www.frankamills.com/coupdoeil/influences-paulo-freire-1921-1997/)
4. RECONSTRUCTIVISM/Critical Theory
Key words
1. Addressing of SOCIAL issues such as hunger, terrorism,violence, etc.
2. Creation of better SOCIETY and worldwide DEMOCRACY
3. SOCIAL REFORM as aim of education
4. Creation of new SOCIAL ORDER
5. Inquiry, dialogue, multiple perspectives, community-based learning
6. Activities to criticize and shape society
7. Student involvement in social change
8. Theodore Brameld = founder of social reconstructivism
9. Paulo Freire - critical theorist
RELATED THEORIES OF LEARNING (PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATIONS)
(Image from https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=610988&chapterid=120209)
1. INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY
Key words
1. focus on the MIND and how it works to explain HOW learning occurs
2. Knowledge is DECLARATIVE, PROCEDURAL, and CONDITIONAL
3. focus on the INDIVIDUAL rather than the SOCIAL aspects of thinking and learning
4. Encoding = intake & representation of information
5. Working or short term memory
6. Long term memory = schemas, scripts or propositional or hierarchical networks
7. how information is encoded, processed, remembered, or retrieved (recalled)
8. Students, like computers, are information processors
IVAN PAVLOV
(Image from https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov)
BURRHUS FREDERC SKINNER
(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner)
2. BEHAVIORISM
Key words
1. Behavior is shaped by forces in the environment
2. behavior is determined by others, rather than by our own free will
3. Repetition of a meaningful connection or association results in learning
4. MKO, Modelling, Role Playing
5. Classical and Operant conditioning
6. Rewards & Punishment
7. Positive & Negative Reinforcement
8. Ivan Pavlov = classical conditionind (dog, salivate, food)
9. B. F. Skinner = operant conditioning (rat, lever. food)
10. James B. Watson = Little Albert
JEAN PIAGET
(Image from http://braungardt.trialectics.com/sciences/psychology/piaget/)
LEV VYGOTSKY
(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky)
3. CONSTRUCTIVISM/ COGNITIVISM
Key words
1. CONSTRUCTION of understandings of reality through interaction with objects, events, and peoples in the environment, and reflection of these interactions
2. Scaffolding
3. Equilibration, assimilation, and accommodation
4. CONFLICT or disequilibrium is necessary to learn
5. Gestalt psychology
6. Jean Piaget = cognitive development theory
7. Lev Vygotsky = social development theory
8. Zone of Proximal Development
9. MKO = More Knowledgeable Other facilitates learning for a novice based on the learner's developmental level
9. Teachers as facilitators of conditions and experiences so that students can construct their own understandings
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
(Image from Jean-Jacques Rousseau )
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi)
ABRAHAM HAROLD MASLOW
(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow)
CARL RANSOM ROGERS
(Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers)
4. HUMANISM
Key words
1. goodness of humans, es[ecially children
2. fully autonomous person, personal freedom, choice, and responsibility
3. motivation to learn is intrinsic in humanism
4. development of healthy self-concept
5. awareness of psychological needs
6. freedom from threat, emotional well-being, learning processes, self-fulfillment
6. personal growth & personal values
7. Erasmus
8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
9. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
10. Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs
11. Carl Rogers = Self-actualization ; self-concept
12. Alfred Adler = first holistic theory of personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy
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